문장삽입 2411-37
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. ( ① ) However, there is a major problem with this explanation. ( ② ) In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. ( ③ ) In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. ( ④ ) Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. ( ⑤ ) The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. ( ⑥ ) If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. ( ⑦ ) Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

문장삽입 2411-4142
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. ( ① ) Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. ( ② ) Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. ( ③ ) The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. ( ④ ) This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. ( ⑤ ) So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

문장삽입 2411-21
When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. ( ① ) We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. ( ② ) We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. ( ③ ) This is a useful trait. ( ④ ) It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. ( ⑤ ) People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. ( ⑥ ) Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. ( ⑦ ) The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. ( ⑧ ) Seeing is not believing.

문장삽입 esh-703
Casa Batllo is a house renovated by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906. ( ① ) Built in 1877, the original building was very different from what it is today. ( ② ) When it was purchased by Joseph Batllo, he asked Gaudi to add his impressive touch to the design. ( ③ ) From the outside, Casa Batllo looks as if it has been made from skulls and bones. ( ④ ) The "skulls" are in fact balconies and the "bones" are supporting stone columns between the windows. ( ⑤ ) Gaudi decorated the building with colors and shapes found in the sea. ( ⑥ ) Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall remind people of the sea, while the curved window frames were inspired by ocean waves. ( ⑦ ) The interior of the house is even more impressive. ( ⑧ ) Everything is curved, including the walls, the ceilings, and the wooden doors. ( ⑨ ) Because of the curves, the Batllo family could not fit their traditional, straight furniture against the curved surfaces. ( ⑩ ) Thus, Gaudi had to design special furniture for the family.

문장삽입 2411-23
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. ( ① ) A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. ( ② ) Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. ( ③ ) Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. ( ④ ) Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" ( ⑤ ) Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

문장삽입 esh-805
This amazing robot was not made in a day. ( ① ) The KAIST team had already built four HUBOs and had been improving them for years. ( ② ) They practiced outdoors, in good weather and bad, and on rough terrain. ( ③ ) They burned up motor after motor, but never gave up. ( ④ ) They approached each failure as a challenge to make a faster, stronger, and better robot. ( ⑤ ) In the future, there will be other robots like HUBO. ( ⑥ ) They will be called upon to perform complicated tasks that will be too dangerous for humans. ( ⑦ ) Scientists expect that these robots will save lives and reduce the damage caused by future disasters.

문장삽입 esh-802
Since then, there has been renewed emphasis on developing robots that can serve in dangerous situations. ( ① ) In response to Japan's nuclear disaster, the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge was created to speed up the development of robots that could work in disaster-stricken areas. ( ② ) The competition attracted 25 teams from around the world. ( ③ ) The winner was a Korean team from KAIST who developed a robot called HUBO. ( ④ ) During the competition, the robots had to solve a series of problems they might come upon in a disaster situation. ( ⑤ ) HUBO completed all eight tasks in the shortest time of all the competitors – 44 minutes and 28 seconds. ( ⑥ ) The key to HUBO's success was its ability to move from a standing position to a kneeling position. ( ⑦ ) HUBO had wheels attached to its knees and feet. ( ⑧ ) When kneeling, HUBO was able to use these wheels to move around quickly and decisively.

문장삽입 2411-39
Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. ( ① ) In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. ( ② ) For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. ( ③ ) In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. ( ④ ) The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. ( ⑤ ) We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.

문장삽입 2411-22
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. ( ① ) It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. ( ② ) Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. ( ③ ) In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.

문장삽입 2411-40
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' ( ① ) A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. ( ② ) Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. ( ③ ) For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. ( ④ ) For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. ( ⑤ ) In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. ( ⑥ ) The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. ( ⑦ ) In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

문장삽입 2411-23
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. ( ① ) A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. ( ② ) Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. ( ③ ) But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work？" prompts a concrete answer. ( ④ ) Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" ( ⑤ ) Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

문장삽입 2411-37
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. ( ① ) However, there is a major problem with this explanation. ( ② ) This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. ( ③ ) In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. ( ④ ) In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. ( ⑤ ) Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. ( ⑥ ) The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. ( ⑦ ) Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

문장삽입 2411-34
Onscreen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. ( ① ) You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. ( ② ) And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. ( ③ ) Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? ( ④ ) At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. ( ⑤ ) But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

문장삽입 esh-804
For the final task, climbing stairs, it was important that the robot be able to see its feet. ( ① ) Other robots had difficulty doing this because they had to bend their bodies forward to see over their knees to scan the stairs. ( ② ) This awkward move caused them to lose their balance. ( ③ ) HUBO solved this problem in a clever way. ( ④ ) It climbed the stairs backward. ( ⑤ ) By rotating its upper body 180 degrees. ( ⑥ ) That way, the robot's knees did not block the camera's view of either the feet or the floor. ( ⑦ ) After scanning the stairs, the robot set off to climb to the top, completing the task effortlessly.

문장삽입 2411-20
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. ( ① ) Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. ( ② ) But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? ( ③ ) That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. ( ④ ) Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. ( ⑤ ) For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. ( ⑥ ) Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.

문장삽입 esh-701
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects. ( ① ) One country that can make that claim without embarrassment is Spain. There, at the summit of the nation's architectural genius, stands Antoni Gaudi. ( ② ) Gaudi was born in Catalonia, Spain, in 1852. As a child, he was fascinated by the natural wonders of the surrounding countryside. Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona, the city that would become home to his greatest works. ( ③ ) Gaudi's designs were deeply influenced by forms in nature. He understood that the natural world is full of curved lines, rather than straight lines. As a result, most of his constructions use curved stones and animal- or plant-shaped designs. ( ④ ) Gaudi's work is also known for its use of bold colors. He decorated many of his buildings with colorful tiles. This combination of natural designs and bright colors creates a breathtaking visual experience. ( ⑤ ) Here are some of Gaudi's greatest works, all of which are found in the city of Barcelona.

문장삽입 2411-24
The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. ( ① ) Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. ( ② ) After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. ( ③ ) When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. ( ④ ) AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. ( ⑤ ) Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. ( ⑥ ) The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. ( ⑦ ) We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.

문장삽입 esh-701
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects. ( ① ) Few countries, however, can claim to have produced a great architect. One country that can make that claim without embarrassment is Spain. ( ② ) There, at the summit of the nation's architectural genius, stands Antoni Gaudi. Gaudi was born in Catalonia, Spain, in 1852. As a child, he was fascinated by the natural wonders of the surrounding countryside. ( ③ ) Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona, the city that would become home to his greatest works. Gaudi's designs were deeply influenced by forms in nature. He understood that the natural world is full of curved lines, rather than straight lines. ( ④ ) As a result, most of his constructions use curved stones and animal- or plant-shaped designs. ( ⑤ ) He decorated many of his buildings with colorful tiles. This combination of natural designs and bright colors creates a breathtaking visual experience. ( ⑥ ) Here are some of Gaudi's greatest works, all of which are found in the city of Barcelona.

문장삽입 2411-40
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' ( ① ) A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. ( ② ) Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. ( ③ ) For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. ( ④ ) In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. ( ⑤ ) For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. ( ⑥ ) The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. ( ⑦ ) In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

문장삽입 2411-37
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. ( ① ) This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. ( ② ) In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. ( ③ ) In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. ( ④ ) Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. ( ⑤ ) The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. ( ⑥ ) If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. ( ⑦ ) Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

문장삽입 2411-20
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. ( ① ) Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. ( ② ) That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. ( ③ ) Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. ( ④ ) Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. ( ⑤ ) For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. ( ⑥ ) Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.